Electronic Media - 13295 Words

Not Just a Matter of Time: Field Differences and the Shaping of Electronic Media in Supporting Scientific Communication Rob Kling Geoffrey McKim April 27, 2000 Indiana University School of Library and Information Science 10th Jordan, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA +1 812 855 5113 kling@indiana.edu, mckimg@indiana.edu Accepted for publication in: Journal of the American Society for Information Science Abstract The shift towards the use of electronic media in scholarly communication appears to be an inescapable imperative. However, these shifts are uneven, both with respect to field and with respect to the form of communication. Different scientific fields have developed and use distinctly different communicative forums, both in the paper†¦show more content†¦We see notable risks in a pure laissez-faire â€Å"let them work it out for themselves† approach. Large amounts of money, resources, and effort are being committed (by government agencies, by academic departments, by publishers, by professional societies, and by individual researchers) to the development, maintenance, and promotion of various forms of communications technologies for use in global science. However, in the absence of a valid theory of how scholarly fields adopt and shape technology, scientists and policy-makers are left only with context-free models, and hence resources may be committed to projects that a re not self-sustainable, that wither, and that do not effectively improve the scientific communications system of the field. The consequences may not only be sub-optimal use of financial resources, but also wasted effort on the part of individual researchers, and even data languishing in marginal, decaying, and dead systems and formats. The purpose of this JASIS perspectives article is to deepen our understanding of the future of electronic communications in science. It is difficult to predict the longterm future, as too many contingencies can and will shape long-term outcomes to make meaningful predictions. One may casually predict that that many if not all research journals will issue electronic editions in the 21st century; however, more complex issues about the role ofShow MoreRelatedElectronic Media1675 Words   |  7 PagesELECTRONIC MEDIA AND PRINT MEDIA INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC MEDIA This is a type of MASS MEDIA which uses ELECTRONIC Energy in the user end. The most familiar electronic media includes video recording, audio recording, multimedia presentations, slide presentations, CD ROM’S and online contents. Also, recorded broadcasting in television, radio, telephone etc. could be considered as electronic media. THE BASIC USES OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA Electronic Media is probably the most diversified subject of studyRead MoreThe Problem Of Electronic Media2038 Words   |  9 Pagessignificant and sustainable transformation undergone by Croatian media in the years following the Yugoslav Wars of Dissolution. It has been through this analysis that I have endeavored to illuminate some of the many issues facing the Croatian media systems as a whole, and to establish the historical background necessary to understand the current state of media throughout the country. In this section I will argue that the Law on Electronic Media has not only failed to be implemented properly, but that culturalRead Moreadvabtages and disadvantages of electronic media829 Words   |  4 PagesAND DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA: Electronic Media is a rich resource of services, supplies, creative and innovative solutions to everyday domestic and professional demands. We are living in the era of electronic media. None can avoid and escape from it. It is prevailing profound effects on advertisement, education, information, politics and other social activities. If we look around us what is there that is impossible to? It is none other than this electronic media that has made our lifeRead MoreEffect of Electronic Media on Children4822 Words   |  20 PagesPERSPECTIVE Effect of Electronic Media on Children MUNNI RAY AND KANA RAM JAT From the Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Center, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160 012, India. Correspondence to: Munni Ray, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Center, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160 012, India. munniray1@yahoo.com Radio, television (TV), movies, video games, cell phones, and computerRead MoreSocial Media And Electronic Gadgets1231 Words   |  5 PagesBan Social Media and Electronic Gadgets In the last decade, social media has tremendously revolutionized the way people socialize and communicate on the web. According to McCombs (2012), social media is a platform that allows people to stay connected through internet. In essence, social media has had a considerable impact on businesses, politics, family relations, and our culture. People are using social media to communicate with family members or their acquaintances to catch up on the latest issuesRead More The Impact of Electronic Media and the Internet on Print Media1550 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Electronic Media and the Internet on Print Media New technology has developed rapidly since the birth of the internet, and it continues to expand and evolve affecting many domains, especially the print media. This essay will investigate the influence and impact of current technology of the electronic media and World Wide Web on print media, and how future developments in technology will affect the future direction of the traditional newspaper. The way in which â€Å"Bloggers† haveRead MoreMexicos Current Electronic Media1468 Words   |  6 Pagesthe media, as the reporter without borders describes Mexico (Mexico Profile - Media). Due to the increase of deaths among reporters it becomes a risk to gather news for Mexican citizens. However, the growth of media continues to increase throughout Mexico. Despite the number of deaths among reporters media is still prominent in the country. Mexico s mass media is similar to the United States in most ways. In contrast to the U.S., Mexico s government has control and influence on th e media thatRead MoreThe Impact of Electronic Media on Performance of Students11847 Words   |  48 PagesCHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The media, most especially television, mobile phone, internet, computer have gradually become a part of our daily lives, and sources of information, education and entertainment have been described as the primary functions of the media. Student at higher secondary level learnt more of media. There is three functions to the media: i. Surveillance of the Environment (the news function). ii. Correlation of the different parts of theRead More Electronic Publishing: The future of the media industry? Essay1718 Words   |  7 PagesElectronic Publishing: The future of the media industry? It all depends on whom you talk to, because everyone has their opinion. Some people feel that this industry is a flash in the pan, but others feel quite differently. The Internet is expanding second by second and the information that is on this medium is astounding. Newspapers and magazines have jumped into a type of publishing called internet publishing, or electronic publishing, in which the Internet becomes the primary place to find informationRead MoreElectronic Media vs Print (Thesis Paper)13276 Words   |  54 PagesElectronic Media VS. Print Where America Gets Its News Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......................†¦4 Premise Statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Personal Limitation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......................†¦5 Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Section 1: Birth of Electronic Media and its Popularity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Radio†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦6 Humble Beginnings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......6 From Navigation to

The Effects Of Binge Drinking On College Students

The Effects of Binge Drinking in College Students Binge drinking is when a person has more than four drinks, if female and five if male, in one sitting. While researching texts written about the negative effects of binge drinking in college students, I found articles and scholarly journals written by specialists in this specific field of study. These authors mainly focus on the fact that excessive binge drinking is detrimental to the quality of life and can alter your state of health in a negative way. Excessive drinking is most prevalent in college aged students and binge drinking is considered to be the greatest public health issue on American college campuses. My goal in this paper is to bring to light the dangerous risks and effects that binge drinking has on college students today. To achieve this goal, I have organized my paper into five main sections. In my first section I discuss the cognitive development that makes college students more susceptible to excessive binge drinking. In the second section, I discuss the social interactions that promote social drinking among college students. In the third section, I discuss the dangers and life long detriment to physical and emotional aspects in life. In the fourth section, I provide possible solutions to help prevent binge drinking among college students. I end my paper with a fifth section where I discuss the positive effects of drinking, when in moderation and I conclude with a works cited page with my ten sources onShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Binge Drinking On College Students1290 Words   |  6 Pagescommunicating the evidence that comes from alcoholic abuse in college students. The academic environment has its impact on the undergraduate student at some point or another, it is to some the only way to hav e fun, unknowingly the impact of binge drinking on their life can negatively affect their future while jeopardizing their career goals at the same time this type of substance abuse is negative. â€Å"The highest ratio of binge drinking can be found on college campuses† (Wechsler and Austin, 1998). There is aRead MoreEffects of Binge Drinking on College Students600 Words   |  3 PagesVeronica Harper’s Effects of Binge Drinking on College Students College students are more likely to consume alcohol more than people of the same age who are not attending college. Almost half of the college students that consume alcohol are considered binge drinkers (Five drinks in a row at one sitting for a man and four drinks in a row at one sitting for women). Many students believe the use of alcohol is a big part of the college experience, thus can be concluded that the college atmosphere may influenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Binge Drinking On College Students Essay1697 Words   |  7 Pagesfor society, and college students are no exception to this problem, especially when it comes to binge drinking. Binge drinking is classified at 5 or more drinks for men or 4 or more drinks for women within 2 hours. According to a study by Ikes, â€Å"more than 40% of college students have engaged in heavy episodic drinking (HED)† or binge drinking (find pg number) and â€Å"19% engage in frequent binge drinking† (Iconis 243). There are very large implications for college students drinking this much alcoholRead MoreThe Effects Of Binge Drinking On College Students Essay825 Words   |  4 PagesBinge Drinking would have various of ways to define what in reality means. As for college students would define it as a way to drink non-stop, just for fun, or excessively drinking until drunk. Binge drinking can be interpreted in a scientific form, like NIAAA defines binge drinking as a pattern of drinking that brings blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels to 0.08 g/dL . This typically occurs after 4 drinks for women and 5 drinks for men—in about 2 hours. (National Institute on Alcohol AbuseRead MoreThe Effects Of Binge Drinking On College Students849 Words   |  4 PagesCollege is arguably the single most important transition in an individual’s live which they experience many forms of peer pressure and specific growth patterns. Those individuals fortunate enough to pay for their studies are able to further education far and wide across the globe, not while coming at the cost of many positives stringing some negative. With increased peer pressure and opportunity, some are introduced to a parent’s worst nightmare that being the cause and effects of binge drinkingRead MoreEffects Of Binge Drinking On College Students Essay968 Words   |  4 PagesHenry Wechsler in Getting Serious about Eradicating Binge Drinking, stresses how modern college students think that binge drinking is a norm in college life. I agree with Wechsler th at the modern college student thinks binge drinking is normal. In High School, people would binge drink on a regular basis, and that eventually carried over into collegiate life. After being in college for about a month now, I realized that every night students binge drink either at bars, fraternity houses, or tailgatesRead MoreBinge Drinking Among College Students And Its Implications On The Society1462 Words   |  6 PagesBinge Drinking among College Students and Its Implications on the Society Binge drinking is a term used to describe a situation where women drink more than 4 bottles of alcohol in a row and men drink 5 or more bottles of alcohol in a row. It is taking too much alcohol in a short period. Alcohol is a substance that gradually produces an addiction in the body. Many college students use alcohol in recreational activities and parties. The alcohol gradually leads to addiction and causes a decline in theirRead MoreBinge Drinking On College Campuses1459 Words   |  6 PagesMr. Paul October 28, 2014 Binge Drinking On College Campuses Over the past few years, there has been this big debate about whether the drinking age should be lowered to 18 or if it should stay at 21. Those in favor of lowering the drinking age to 18 argue that someone who is old enough to serve their country should be allowed to have a drink. Those who are in favor of keeping the minimum legal drinking age at 21 because of consequences regarding psychological developmentRead MoreCause Effect of Binge Drinking Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pagesunplanned sexual activity all have in common? They are all frequent results of binge drinking by college students. On a typical Friday or Saturday night you can find the average college student out drinking and having fun. Normally partying with friends at a party, bar, or club; most of these college students are underage consuming excessive amounts of alcohol, or as its better known, â€Å"binge drinking.†The term binge drinking is defined as the consumption of five or more drinks in a row by men and fourRead MoreAccording To â€Å"College Drinking,† Almost Two Out Of Three1388 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to â€Å"College Drinking,† almost two out of three college students engage in binge drinking. Binge drinking is a pattern of drinking that brings blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels to 0.08 g/dL or higher (â€Å"College Drinking†). Many parents, guardians, and psychologists believe that college students binge drink because they think drinking is an integral part of their higher education. Similar to peer pressure, college students drink because the rest of the student body drinks. Furthermore

Why and how do writers of English Literary and playful texts “break the rules of” English Free Essays

After having defined the terms â€Å"playful and literary†, I will then look briefly at foregrounding and the classification of the English Language. Then rhyme, rhythm and repletion would be examined followed by how writers break syntactic rules to show thought process. This will be followed by literary usage of the metaphor, collocation and iconicity. We will write a custom essay sample on Why and how do writers of English Literary and playful texts â€Å"break the rules of† English? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then I will examine playful text in relation to graffiti, newspapers and advertising. Literary and playful usage of language is different from that of everyday language in that it draws attention to the language itself. Writers achieve this by being creative, original and imaginative. Moreover, by â€Å"skilfully manipulating language to create patterns and usage† to express ideas, which draws the readers giving them an original insight into the world of the writer. (Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 198) Writers of literary and playful text use language to draw attention to it by way of surprising the reader into an original perception of the language and the subject matter. This according to the Russian formalists is foregrounding (Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 163). Foregrounding is achieved, by breaking the rules of language, that is sound, grammar and meaning to place the reader in the text. Thus, the reader is surprised into seeing the image, hearing the sounds and feeling the emotions. The English Language is classified according to the way words are arranged in sequence and it is referred to as a subject verb object or SVO language. This is because the subject always comes before the verb and the object that is being referred to follows the verb. (Graddol etal. , 1994, p. 5) Looking first at rhyme, rhythm and repetition in literary usage, writers especially poets use this as a form of foregrounding. They use rhyme, rhythm and repetition in to make original observations. As in William Blake’s poem â€Å"The Tyger†, one can see that there is an end rhyme with the first line rhyming with the second, and the third with the fourth in an aabb pattern. This is not something is common in normal speech or text. Therefore, Blake, whilst following the tradition of writing poetry in end rhymes is breaking the rules of English. Blake does this because he is not only foregrounding the symmetrical pattern of the verse in its aabb rhymes pattern, but he is also highlighting the eye symmetry of the text. This is done in the first and last stanza where both stanzas are symmetrical apart from one word. Thus, there is a sense of closure and we understand that we have arrived at an end, but because of the aabb pattern, there is also continuity and the idea of the circle of life. Blake also uses rhythm, with each line consisting of four alternating stressed and unstressed words, is used to emphasis the beat of not only the tread of the Tyger but also the rhythmical beating of the hammer on the anvil. The creator of the Tyger and the creator of the poem also use repetition and alliteration to foreground the symmetry of the design. (Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 165) Authors also use rule breaking to foreground their characters thought processes. William Faulkner In his novel â€Å"The Sound and the Fury† manipulates the language and surprises the readers into the thought process of the narrator Benjy, who thinks and voices his thoughts, as would a child. He achieves this flow of thought process by omitting the object after the verb. Thus, the reader is uncomfortable with the language, which is limited, showing and creating a sense of incompleteness. This is exactly what Faulkner is aiming for, because Benjy although being thirty-three, is incomplete and exhibits the thought and language process that of a child. Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 167) The Charles Dickens also breaks the rules governing the syntactic relationship between words. In his novel The Bleak House Dickens does not, use the verb â€Å"is† after the subject, which is the fog and the object, which is everywhere and everything. By doing this, he foregrounds the reader into an innovative outlook and the reader receives the impression that there is no escaping from the fog; it is all invasive invading the countryside, the social, cultural and political environment. (Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 167) Another distinctive feature of literary usage is the metaphor and collocation. Metaphors are comparisons that are not made explicit. They exploit the meanings of words and â€Å"are slipped into â€Å"the sentence (Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 165). The rules of English are broken by the metaphor by playing on the various meanings of a word and the paradigmatic relationship of a word. As in the use of â€Å"burning† and â€Å"burnt† in Blake’s The Tyger the words not only refer to the eyes of the Tyger but also to the furnace and the stars when speared are also burning too such an extent that they water the heaven with their tears. Collocation refers to the combining tendencies of words† (Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 169) that is, the relationship words have with each other, the meanings that are associated with words and in the context that they are normally used. When this rule is broken, the writers are able to utilise our sense of word collocation to foreground â€Å"unusual and striking association of meaning† (Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 169). In Carol Ann Duffy’s poem ‘Litany’ metaphors and collocation is used when she writes â€Å"The terrible marriages crackled cellophane round polyester shirts†. Marriages do not crackle. The word crackle is usually associated with dry inanimate objects; it is this association, which surprises the reader into looking at the marriage in a new light. The metaphor of the cellophane and polyester shirts continue this theme of inanimateness, dead and lifeless as opposed to the marriage being alive and thriving. Collocation is also associated with playful usage of English as in Punning. This occurs when the different meanings of the words are exploited, as in â€Å"My Children! My Africa! Here the Playwright plays on the word ‘riot’ to emphasis the difference in culture and explores the difference in meaning associated to a word by differing social groups. (Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 171) Another feature of literary usage is the iconic â€Å"where the sounds and shapes of words and phrases imitate particular objects or process† (Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 172) writers use this device in order for the reader to experience and hear the sounds being described. Wordsworth in ‘The Prelude’ uses it to call upon the simple childhood pleasure of making oneself dizzy. He does this by having a long sentence where the subject and verb occur late in the passage. This achieves the effect of rushing and spinning to an abrupt stop. In addition, one can almost imagine that even though we have stopped the â€Å"solitary cliffs Wheeled by†¦ the earth rolled†¦ † (Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 172) e e cummings uses this technique in his poem I (Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 202) He relies on the visual effect of the poem to emphasis the falling of one leaf and its oneness. Playful text also uses language to draw attention to it this is achieved, by breaking the rules of language, that is sound, grammar and meaning Just like in literary usage. Graffiti although regarded as being antisocial and illegal is an area where English is used in a playful and entertaining way to highlight a particular comment on social issues or give voice to those sub groups that have been denied access to mainstream. Because of the very nature of graffiti, it tends to be short and succinct. The Graffiti â€Å"Glory to God in the High St† (Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 10) by deleting a single letter from the angel’s message to the Shepard’s, the graffiti satirises the original Christmas message and reflects the commercialization of Christmas. This is achieved by playing on the sounds and the meaning of the two words Highest and High St. An example of iconic graffiti that is a thought process would be â€Å"Dsylexia rules KO† The popular press also use puns and word play in their headlines e. g. â€Å"Belly Nice (model Naomi Campbell with bare stomach), Wedding Prez (President Clinton unexpectedly attends a wedding)† (Maybin and Mercer, 1996, p. 17). They by virtue of being tabloid newspapers need to capture the readers’ attention quickly and be able to express in a short headline the nature of the article. Therefore, by using headlines like â€Å"Belly Nice† they play on the phrase â€Å"very nice† in referring to the bare stomach and associating it to her second name Campbell. Another area that breaks the rules of English in a playful way is advertising. Advertising uses all the literary techniques of foregrounding to sell the product, image or idea. In the PO advertisement, the text is simple; it has rhyme, rhythm and repetition, and seems at first glance to be a simple, child’s first reader. However, each line does not have the object. It is only at the end that one realises that the last word is the object of the previous lines. In conclusion after having looked at the various distinctive features of literary and playful usage of text one can see that writers, poets, graffiti writers, journalist and the advertisers use and break the rules of English to foreground there ideas in a creative, original and imaginative way. How to cite Why and how do writers of English Literary and playful texts â€Å"break the rules of† English?, Papers

Integrated Business Challenge

Questions: 1.How Disney can Manage/Lower any risk that may Impact the Project. 2.How Disney will find the Finance to Fund the Expansion. 3.How will Disney Market their Products and what is their Demographic. 4.The Main legal issues Disney may face in the Expansion. Answers: Introduction The scoping report of Disneyland focuses on the issues that will be faced by the company during its process of expansion in a foreign country. The scoping report of Disneyland will identify various issues of the external market in Mauritius. The scoping report of the company will help Disneyland while reducing the different types of risks and legal problems faced by the company in the Mauritius region. The different risks are identified in the expansion of the business activities of the company and its strategic implementation. Apart from that, a business also faces many legal issues while operating their business operations in the country. A thorough research on the legal laws, trade laws and other regulations that controls the activities of the business in the new country will be conducted by using different theoretical frameworks and practical implications of latest technologies. The methods and approaches used in financing and marketing will be discussed in details that will help Disneyland in creating brand awareness among the target customers of Mauritius. Detailed analysis of the marketing techniques and sustainability are the main aspects that are the reason of popularity of the company in Mauritius. Apart from that, the demographic features of the country as well as the target customers are also mentioned in the study. Disney land is a theme park that is first opened in California, America. Disney currently operates on five different locations of the world such as Tokyo, Paris, Florida, Hong Kong and California. The study will focus on the expansion of Disney Land in Mauritius. Several aspects of culture, accessibility, human resources, land, economic stability, infrastructures, competition, awareness of Disney board, etc. are to be addressed in the study. The different favourable conditions of doing business in Mauritius must be discussed in the study for discussion of the marketing activities, risk profile, cultural inclusion and sustainability of th e company in Mauritius. 1.Risk Profile Economic condition of Mauritius is strong with the liberal economic principles. Despite of having many favourable conditions, there are many risks faced by the companies while doing business in Mauritius. The risks of expanding business operations in Mauritius are described below. Disney Land must focus on this aspect in order to mitigate the problems of expansion of business in the target country. Problems while Dealing with the Construction Permits The environmental considerations of the country are responsible for creating an effect causing a long widened process. Disney Land before starting their construction of park may consult with various government authorities that will carry different types of inspections before starting the work. After completing all the procedures of inspection, the occupancy permit can be granted by the Ministry of Government (Nguyen, Newby and Macaulay 2015). Getting Electricity The Central Electricity Board is responsible of providing electricity to the firms after lengthy process of various types of routine inspections, meter installation and visual internal and external inspection. Registration of Property Registration of property is done by land surveyor while preparing new plans for the building the theme parks in Mauritius. The process of registration is long therefore Disney land must have the hold on this aspect for late construction of their theme parks (Horkoff et al. 2014). Getting Investors and credit For getting finance from different types of renowned finance companies in Mauritius by a foreign company is difficult compared to a domestic company. Although, it can be said that, there are no private bureau of providing finance to these foreign companies. Getting credit by Disney can be a difficult task from the International Finance Corporation and World Bank. Trading Across Borders International trade In Mauritius is a crucial component of its different business procedure as an island economy (Dai et al. 2014). Tax Payment Rates of taxes in Mauritius are very competitive in nature. Rather in some circumstances, it can be burdensome. Taxes sometimes fluctuate in the different situations that affect the profitability of the business in the country. Culture The government of Mauritius considers formal business relations. Instead of making friendly relation with companies, business relations are more prioritized. The culture of using brochures, business cards, price lists are important while attending a formal meeting with the organizations of Mauritius (Morgan and Morphis 2017). 2.Financing There are many types of sources of financing that business corporations use while expanding the business in a country. The sources of financing are described in the following: Angel Equity Business expansion can be done by selling the ownership stake while starting to find a reputed industry that is willing to provide the amount for the business expansion of the country and credibility with potential investors (Cassar, Ittner and Cavalluzzo 2015). Smart Leases Smart lease is defined as the process of leasing the companys fixed assets while conserving cash for the working capital for an unproven business. Bank Loans It is the most common form of providing loans for the company. Banks of Mauritius will provide various types of loans such as long term financing, short term financing, mid term financing. It includes real estate, equipment and working capital. Banks usually seek assurance of personal assets and mortgages as a proof of recovering the loan (Bruton et al. 2015). State and local Economic Development Organizations Disney can approach to economic and state developing organizations that will charge a considerable low interest apart from lending money alongside a bank. Customers Disney Land can also collect funds for its expansion in Mauritius from the customers itself. Disney while expanding their branches in Mauritius can do advance payment from the customers. This strategy will help the company in growing faster with various limited resources (Achleitner et al. 2016). 3.Marketing Marketing of Disney Land is consisted of many types of marketing strategy, such as user generated marketing strategy, digital marketing strategy, marketing mix, etc. Republic of Mauritius is a country that has many opportunities such as good location, multilingual multicultural, strong economy, less humid weather, easily accessible transport facility, availability of various types of tourist destinations, etc. All these favourable conditions are utilized by Disney Land in order to formulate strategies of marketing and other operations of business in the country (Huang and Sarigll 2014). The facilities that are located for the expansion of Disney land in Mauritius are stable political situation, facilities, flow of tourists, great location, population, language, weather, etc. User generated Marketing Strategies of Disney Land Theme parks of Disney Land implement user generated marketing campaign, which runs on web, television and in the park itself. It includes different types of photos and videos of the visitors and travellers of the theme park. This strategy includes the participation of the customers and travellers in the marketing strategy of the company. This marketing campaign helps in posting snapshots, home videos, of the travellers to the park while sharing their experience in the website, print media, online communication and the big screen television present within the theme park. The marketing campaign of the Disney Land is known as let the memories begin where participants can post messages, photos, and various other updates and information related to Disneyland both on traditional media and digital media (Mullin, Hardy and Sutton 2014). The online components of the marketing campaign are used in the commercials used in television that are created in the social media campaigns. The functional ity is now a part of the social media channels such as MySpace, YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, etc. Market research is conducted by the company in Mauritius for formulating content of the advertising in traditional and digital media (Leonidou et al. 2013). The user generated marketing strategy also helps in understanding the consumer behaviour of the population of Mauritius. It will finally help in formulating the marketing mix for the theme park in Mauritius. Service Marketing Mix of Disney Land Product: The product in the marketing mix in this context is the theme park of Walt Disney i.e. Disney Land. This is considered as the most profitable theme park of Walt Disney with many features added in it. In the park, all characters created by Walt Disney are visible in the park. The theme park has different rides, which is responsible for creating experience for the visitors (Mintz and Currim 2013). Price: Price strategy adopted by Disney Land is not targeted by the target population of high-income group people. Hence, it can be said that the tickets of Disney Land in Mauritius is not too low or not too high so that middle income group people can afford it and can visit it frequently. There are merchandises available in the theme parks which are also affordable for the visitors of the park. The prices of these merchandises are kept competitive in nature for the increase of revenue of the company from the target customers of Mauritius. Place: It can be seen that Disney Land is present in many parts of the world. In this context, the place of Disney Land is Mauritius (Babin and Zikmund 2015). Promotion: Disney Land in Mauritius can adopt various types of user-generated promotions, traditional media campaigns and digital media campaigns for attracting target customers of Mauritius. The aim of doing promotions of Disney Land is to create the awareness of the different features and services available in the theme park of Mauritius. People: People who are present in the theme parks are humble and polite in nature. They are known to provide excellent customer service in order to push sell of different services of the theme park. The company will train the employees in a way so that the employees can incorporate the culture of Disney to the visitors. This will help in the word of mouth promotion of the Disney Land in Mauritius. Physical evidence: Many taglines are present in the theme park that is attractive to the visitors of the theme park. There are different types of small things that Disney Land can do for the visitors so that they can create a happy memory in their life and can visit the place (Kotler et al. 2015). 4.Legal Systems Legal system of Mauritius includes a detailed overview of the currency regulations, foreign investment, currency regulations, business vehicles, incentives, liabilities, relevant restrictions, etc. Mauritius is known to have a hybrid legal system that consists of both common and civil law practices. The legal system of the country is derived from the British Common Law and Napoleonic code. In terms of foreign investment, it can be said that there are no such restrictions for foreign direct investments in Mauritius. Disney Land will find no restrictions in doing business in Mauritius, as the jurisdictions of the country are not too much restricted. Product specific restrictions are there in some cases (Chang 2016). In the perspective of currency regulations, there are no exchange controls. For repatriation of dividends, profits and capital gains, no approval is required. Other legal systems include income tax rate and flat corporate tax of 15%, no tax on any dividend, no capital gains tax, free repatriation of capital, dividends and profits, direct incentives of cash for the employers in the perspective of training and recruiting, exemption from the customs duty on the equipment, etc. These are the legal aspects that Disney will face while doing business in Mauritius. Apart from that, it can be said that there are many other trade laws, consumer protection laws, local trade laws that can affect the business operations of the company in Mauritius. While entering in a country, the company must abide by the laws and regulations of the country in order to continue with the business in the country. However, the legal department of the Disney Land must have the capabilities in mitigating the issues of the different sets of regulations in Mauritius (Cassar, Ittner and Cavalluzzo 2015). It can be said that the legal systems might not create any vital issues in the expansion process of the company in Mauritius. Cultural Inclusion Cultural inclusion is the most important aspect that companies must follow while doing business operations in a country. The strategic management department of the company must accomplish the culture of the company as well as the culture of the operating country. Diversity and multiculturalism are the features that Disney Land maintains within the company in order to create a pleasing environment for the employees to work. As it is a multinational company, hence there will be many employees that will belong from a separate country. Policies of cultural inclusion and diversity are same in all the departments of the corporate offices present in the different countries of the world (Rice 2015). Disney Land is a company that is known for having high corporate and cultural values. It can be said that the creativity of the company comes from the talents from the employees of diverse backgrounds. The cultural diversity within the company is maintained in a way so that the employees can work in a group without any problem. It is a inclusive company that maintains a diversity and culture that recognized the commitment of the company while creating the culture of diversity and inclusion within the company. The employees of Disney Land are termed as tourism professionals, achievers, dreamers and designers from different parts of the world. The policies for diversity include gender equality as well as fair policies for all categories of people (Pieterse, Van Knippenberg and Van Dierendonck 2013). The social policy of the company is the major aspect of the policies and regulations of the company in terms of professional gender equality. It is seen that almost 48% of the employees are women and 52% of employees are men. Therefore, Disney Land will also maintain the gender equality in the corporate office of Mauritius. Disney also has a university that is focused on providing training and developmental approaches to the employees of the company. There are mobility in terms of training and career growth of the employees who are working with the company. It is a positive approach of the company in order to develop skills for the employees for serving customers in a better way. The company must recruit employees from Mauritius in order to understand the consumer behaviour of the people residing in Mauritius. The strategies will be made on behalf of the purchasing decision of the consumers of Mauritius. The university run by Disney are focused in providing the knowledge about the corporate culture of the company (Brunow and Blien 2014). It is because the cultural facts will ultimately help in mixing the employees of the Mauritius with the employees with the other employees of other countries. The skills and capabilities of the employees will help in providing an improved customer service to the visitors of the theme park in Mauritius. It can be said that Disney Land has a unique corporate culture that can be found in terms of ta lent, enthusiasm and dedication of the employees. The international workforce of the company along with the interesting and unique products and service of Disney have a diverse corporate culture are known for their group cohesiveness (Suedekum, Wolf and Blien 2014). There are many facts about the company that will be mentioned below which will prove that Disney Land must ensure cultural inclusion in the expansion of its branches in Mauritius. Disney employs more than 100 nationalities More than 20 languages are spoken 80% of managers of different managers irrespective of their nationalities are promoted internally Cultural aspect of Mauritius are also taken into considerations Apart from that, Disney Land Mauritius must formulate strategies related to multiculturalism and diversity that will ensure a meaningful experience of work culture to the employees so that they can satisfy the needs and demands of the consumers of Mauritius (Bellini et al. 2013). Sustainability The issue of sustainability is a vital aspect that every company being multinational or a domestic company are focusing in order to sustain in the competitive business world. The market for Disney is also competitive in nature. Many theme parks are direct competitors to the company that are responsible for increased brand awareness, brand image and target customers in the target market. Sustainability is the issue that is maintained in every aspect of the strategy formulation. Apart from companies, the consumers across the different parts of the world are focused on the different aspects of sustainability that the enterprises are taking for saving the resources of the environment (Tollin, Christensen and Wilke 2015). The environmental aspect is a vital concern and responsibility for all the consumers and the customers in the target market. Sustainability of the company encompasses activities that not only focuses on the environmental aspects but also to the basic human rights of the employees associated with the company. Disney is a multinational company and is known for maintaining approaches of sustainability for the company in order to create a positive image of the brand all over the world. Being it is the target market of Mauritius, Disney is successful in meeting the expectations of the consumers all over the world. Due to various ranges of products, Disney manages to earn high brand recognition in the world. It is due to the sustainable approaches taken by Disney Land in different parts of the world. Disney Land in Mauritius will be committed to utilize the maximum resources from renewable sources of energy compared to non-renewable sources of energy (Carroll and Buchholtz 2014). The company will use technologies that will maintain approaches of sustainability in the environmental consumption of the company. Apart from that, it can be said that there are many rules set by the government of Mauritius that Disney Land must have to abide by in order to cont inue with the business operations in Mauritius. The environmental protection approaches along with internal business strategies must contain the elements of sustainability in them in order to attract the consumers of Mauritius to their theme park (Cullen 2016). It can be said that Disney Land must incorporate sustainability approaches in different sectors such as waste, energy, water, greenhouse gas emissions, inspiration, eating and related products, ecosystems, etc. In terms of waste management, Disney Land is involved in recycling into different types of waste management programs that will help in less pollution of environment. The opportunities for the recycling are different in terms of the process adopted by the company in different country of operation. The recycling procedures will use the technologies that are feasible in the country of Mauritius. The waste management include packaging, wastage and wrapping (Werbach 2013). Disney Land must focus on the manufacture of parks that will emphasize the methods and approaches of consumption of water in terms of drinking. Apart from that, the technical improvements of the water consumption, follow up of the strategies of water quality and behavioural changes can be implemented in the susta inable approaches of water consumption. In terms of energy preservation, Disney Land can use maximum input from solar and wind energy compared to other non-renewable sources of energy. The sustainable solutions are to be formulated in order to preserve the fossil fuels of the earth. Greenhouse gases are the poisonous gases that emits on burning of fossil fuels and are the reason of global warming (Schaltegger, Hansen and Ldeke-Freund 2016). The responsibility of the company lies on the fact that the companies must emit less greenhouse gas from their different branches of operations. In terms of related products, Disney Land Mauritius must implement processes that can introduce the ecological footprint of the company by maintaining sustainability in the perspective of manufacturing and packaging. Disney Mauritius can focus on the different aspects of promoting their services and products to the target customers of Mauritius. There are many corporate social responsibility approaches t hat Disney practice in other countries in order to increase their brand image (Beckmann, Hielscher and Pies 2014). In Mauritius, these approaches can be implemented by effective customization regarding the nature of the consumers of Mauritius in order to create a brand image in the minds of the Mauritius customers. Conclusion: The Disney Land in Mauritius will be able to earn substantial profit if the scoping areas described in the study are followed and prioritized in a proper way. The scoping areas include different factors of risks that Disney may face while entering Mauritius for the business expansion. Apart from that, the hybrid nature of the legal systems of Mauritius are explained properly so that the company can mitigate the issues that will be faced in the expansion policy. The issue of sustainability is mentioned and explained elaborately so that the company can improve their brand image as well as the factors that the company can practice in Mauritius for maintaining sustainability. However, the marketing approaches that Disney can apply in promoting their theme park in Mauritius are described in the perspective of the external market analysis of Mauritius. Focus on user generated marketing will be provided by the company in order to attract more customers to the theme park. The source of finan cing that are mentioned earlier are the possible sources of finance that Disney can use in their business expansion in Mauritius. References: Achleitner, A.K., Braun, R., Metzger, G. and Schmidt, M., 2016. The impact of the financial crisis on financing technology ventures.International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business,29(1), pp.4-24. Babin, B.J. and Zikmund, W.G., 2015.Exploring marketing research. Cengage Learning. 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